![]() However, this is a misnomer as these objects have no relationship to the glazed pottery vessels made in Faenza, from which the faience term derives. This material is also popularly called faience in the contexts of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Near East. Glazed composition is related to glass, but glass is formed by completely fusing the ingredients in a liquid melted at high temperature. This material is used in the context of Islamic ceramics where it is described as stonepaste (or fritware). It can be modelled by hand, thrown or moulded, and hardens with firing. Colourants can also be added to give it an artificial colour. The bodies are usually colourless but natural impurities give them a brown or greyish tint. The term is used for objects with a body made of finely powdered quartz grains fused together with small amounts of alkali and/or lime through partial heating. The British Museum now calls this material "glazed composition", with the following note in their online collection database: The term is therefore unsatisfactory in several respects, although clear in an Ancient Egyptian context, and is increasingly rejected in museum and archaeological usage. The term is used for the material wherever it was made and modern scientific analyses are often the only way of establishing the provenance of simple objects such as the very common beads. Egyptian faience was both exported widely in the ancient world and made locally in many places, and is found in Mesopotamia, around the Mediterranean and in northern Europe as far away as Scotland. It is called "Egyptian faience" to distinguish it from faience, the tin-glazed pottery whose name came from Faenza in northern Italy, a center of maiolica (one type of faience) production in the late Middle Ages. Scope of the term Group of 16 amulets strung as a necklace, in the typical bright faience blue, Late Period The well-known blue hippopotamus figurines, placed in the tombs of officials, can be up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long, approaching the maximum practical size for Egyptian faience, though the Victoria and Albert Museum in London has a 215.9-centimetre (85.0 in) sceptre, dated 1427–1400 BC. Larger applications included dishware, such as cups and bowls, and wall tiles, which were mostly used for temples. It was the most common material for scarabs and other forms of amulet and ushabti figures, and it was used in most forms of ancient Egyptian jewellery, as the glaze made it smooth against the skin. ![]() 775–653 BCE Brooklyn MuseumĮgyptian faience was very widely used for small objects, from beads to small statues, and is found in both elite and popular contexts. ![]() Although it contains the major constituents of glass (silica, lime) and no clay until late periods, Egyptian faience is frequently discussed in surveys of ancient pottery, as in stylistic and art-historical terms, objects made of it are closer to pottery styles than ancient Egyptian glass.įaience vessel with procession of four bulls, c. It can be cast in molds to create small vessels, jewelry and decorative objects. Įgyptian faience is considerably more porous than glass proper. It is similar to later Islamic stonepaste (or "fritware") from the Middle East, although that generally includes more clay. It is not faience in the usual sense of tin-glazed pottery, and is different from the enormous range of clay-based Ancient Egyptian pottery, from which utilitarian vessels were made. Tjehenet is distinct from the crystalline pigment Egyptian blue, for which it has sometimes incorrectly been used as a synonym. Its name in the Ancient Egyptian language was tjehenet, and modern archeological terms for it include sintered quartz, glazed frit, and glazed composition. The sintering process "covered with a true vitreous coating" as the quartz underwent vitrification, creating a bright lustre of various colours "usually in a transparent blue or green isotropic glass". Tile frieze with lotus and grapesĮgyptian faience is a sintered-quartz ceramic material from Ancient Egypt. New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, reign of Amenhotep III, c. Type of Ancient Egyptian sintered-quartz ceramic Egyptian faience ushabti of Lady Sati.
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